This Article is written by Priyasha ( a graduate B.A.LL.B(Hons.) from National Law University, Visakhapatnam)
INTRODUCTION
The concept of adultery is not a present-day one; it is considered an immoral practice and a sin in most cultures and religions in the world. The only difference is in the punishment directed for adultery in the different following. In Christianity, the act of adultery is regarded as a social wrong and the accused is punished by death.[1] Whereas, in Islam, both pre-marital and extra-marital sex is accepted as a sin.[2] Hinduism has, however, without exception devotedly followed Manusmriti, which puts an obligation on the wife to maintain the honour and chasteness of her husband’s bed and a like duty on the husband to remain dutiful and trustworthy towards his marriage.[3] Every country has different legislation for the crime of adultery; there are countries which does not even acknowledge it as a crime. Lord Macaulay, during the first draft of the Indian Penal Code, was uncertain to add adultery as a crime. However, the law commission in its second report was convinced that adultery should be criminalized. Yet, in respect of the view of Lord Macaulay, few restrictions were added in the legislation, which immune women from being abettors. The elementary definition of adultery can be “sexual intercourse between a married person and someone who is not their husband or wife “ or “ sexual intercourse outside of marriage”, however, the legal definition provides a different meaning and context of adultery altogether.
LAW ON ADULTERY IN INDIA
In India adultery was defined under section 497 of IPC as:
“Whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is, the wife of another man, without the consent of that man, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of adultery, and is punishable with the imprisonment of a maximum of 5 years, or fine or both. In such a case, the wife shall not be punishable as an abettor.”
Section 497 explained –
– Adultery in India is viewed as a violation of the husband’s rights, as women are objectified, and the act of adultery is considered as a trespass on the husband’s property.
– “one who is licensed to enter a property does not commit trespass”; likewise, adultery is not committed if the intercourse between the abettor and wife is consented to by the husband.
– The law has been enacted on the ideology of “wife being a victim, and not the author of the crime” hence, the wife is set free. However, the ideology takes from women their right to sue the unfaithful husband “too, inferring that only the husband ( of the adulteress) has the right to sue who is the “ sufferer or the person at a loss” in the eyes of the law.
Section 198 of criminal procedure code 1973 explicitly declare, “no one other than the husband of woman, shall be deemed to be aggrieved by an offence punishable under section 497 of IPC”.
LOOPHOLES OF SECTION 497 OF IPC
1. The spirit of ambiguity in section 497 is so much as it often contravenes the mere objective of its existence. The law commission was of the view that by restricting the punishment to males and setting women free from any penalty, the Suppression of women will be prevented. Nevertheless, the law encouraged the theory of “husband being the master “as it considers consent of the husband as a defence of adultery.
2. The offence of adultery according to law only takes place when the outsider violating the sanctity of the marital house is a male and not a female, which authorize the male spouse to have an extramarital affair with single woman. Leaving aside the question, that if the outsider is a woman, does she not violate the sacred marital bond of the couple?
3. According to section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code, only the husband of the adulteress has a right to sue the outsider, implying that if the husband is having an extramarital affair, the wife has no right to sue the women he was having an affair with, as the women here is the “victim”.
4. Section 497 Violates articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India as it completely immune an accomplice from any penalties. The fact that adultery does not amount to rape evidently states that both parties had their consent in the act; any act of consensus should not be exempted from any consequences. Although, the law was equally discriminatory for women as it also disabled the wife to prosecute the women with whom her husband committed adultery.
CASE LAWS ON ADULTERY
There was indeed a grey area in the law of adultery, as it was nearly impossible for the judiciary to disregard it. The Supreme Court took the matter in cognizance thrice, yet failed to come up with a transparent interpretation.
–Yusuf Abdul Aziz vs. The State of Bombay 1954 [4]
An appeal was filed in the Supreme Court under article 131(1) of the Constitution of India. The question of law was whether section 497 of IPC was ultra vires to the Constitution of India.
The appellant contended that section 497 is a special provision made in favour of women for their welfare, the authorization to make such provisions is given under article 15(3) which puts a duty on the state to make special provisions for the welfare of women and children. However, immunity from the punishment of a crime to gender is encouragement and promotion of such crime. It was argued that clause 3 should restrict its applicability to the extent it is beneficial for women and not harmful to the state. The court dismissed the petition saying that no such restriction can be interpreted in clause 3.
Smt. Sowmithri Vishnu vs. Union of India 1985[5]
A writ petition was filed by the petitioner challenging the constitutional validity of section 497 IPC, as it violates Article 14 of the Constitution of India. The supreme court in this specific case addressed three loopholes of the section –
1. Why is the wife not provided with the right to prosecute the women with whom the husband has committed adultery?
The Court distinctly said that to give the wife the right to prosecute the women with whom the husband had an extramarital affair, the ambit of the law needs to be extended, which is in the hands and authority of the legislature to decide if a change in the law is necessary to match the change in society.
2. Why the wife has not been vested with the right to prosecute the unfaithful husband?
The law does not vest power with the husband to prosecute the wife for adultery either. Hence no such argument can be made that the wife cannot prosecute her husband. As in the eyes of the law, the abettor of such crime is a “man” and wife is always the “victim”. Therefore, the one infringing the sanctity is punished.
3. The law provides the husbands with a free license to have affairs with single women.
The court observed that the law only criminalizes a kind of extramarital relationship. The protection of the law is given where it is required the most: a man seducing the wife of another. The writ petition was dismissed.
Revathi vs. Union of India 1988[6]
The petition was filed under article 32 of the Constitution of India, challenging the constitutional validity of section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. The petitioner contended that the wife could not be legally detained from prosecuting disloyal husbands.
The court at this said that the betterment of the spouse is in either getting separated or staying together. The law cannot provide the spouse with mediums to put each other behind the bars as it will be equal mental torture to the children.” Section 198 of the criminal procedure code, thus plays reverse discrimination in favour of the wife and not in against “The petition was dismissed by the court.
Supreme Court dismissed three petitions standing by the law of adultery in India, protecting the sanctity of a matrimonial home. Nonetheless, the judiciary could not come up with a better justification for discriminatory provisions of the section. Therefore, the court struck down the very section in Joseph Shine vs. Union of India.[7]
The petitioner challenged the constitutional validity of section 497 on the grounds that it was violating articles – 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution. The bench while adjudging the matter in hands emphasized the fact that the law was neither preventing women from suppressions nor protecting the sanctity of the matrimonial home, rather is encouraging the concept of “husband being the master” and such categorization cannot be put up with the test of Article 14. It also elucidates that section 497 no longer is justified by Article 15(3) and in order to protect the right and liberty of a person guaranteed under article 21 adultery should be made a civil wrong so as to avert public censure.
Adultery was decriminalized and the bench overruled the previous judgments of Smt. Sowmithri Vishnu vs. Union of India and Revathi vs. Union of India.
AUTHOR’S VIEW
The world is living in the 21st century, and now is the time when India should deliberately part its judicial administration with the religious and cultural beliefs for good. Marriages in the eye of the judiciary should just be a kind of agreement the breach of which should resort to a civil wrong. In Hindu marriage “Saptapadi” (seven vows) is a significant ritual that marks the completion of marriage, these vows are the crux of marriages, violation of which is equivalent to the violation of terms of an agreement, which calls for civil action. Criminalizing the act of adultery would be the subjugation of the rights of women since marital rape is lawful, and it would mean that the judiciary keeps “consent of husband “over the “consent of wife”. “The legislature is entitled to deal with the evil where it is felt and seen most “rightly mentioned by the bench in Smt. Sowmithri Vishnu vs. Union of India[8] at present marital rape is an evil that needs criminal sanctions and not adultery.
CONCLUSION
Women of this era are well equipped with resources to make the best out of their potentials. The time when women had no distinctiveness of their own is long gone. We do not have to give them a “victim card” rather should be made responsible for their sexual actions, since the husband and wife owe the foremost accountability to maintain their sacred relationship. Adultery is an immoral act and so as many other acts, but every immoral act does not call for criminal sanctions.
[1] Kanchan, Tanuj, Nagesh, K, R. “Adultery and the Indian Law”, International journal of Medical Toxicology and Legal Medicine.
[2] Murkey , N.P, Tripude ,H.B, Mazumder , Aloke , Pawar , G.V , Bhowate , S , Shende , Sumit . “Adultery As Viewed By Future Generation: A Study and Discussion” Indian Acad Forensic Med.
[3] Bhattacharya .P. “Adultery as a Ground for Divorce “, The Hindu Marriage Act.
[4] (1954) AIR 321
[5] (1985) AIR 1618
[6] (1988) AIR 835
[7] (2018) SC 1676
[8] (1985) AIR 1618
