This paper has been written by:
Author 1
Km Manisha Gour(Research Scholar)
Department of Law, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow
Author 2
Prof(Dr)Sudarshan Verma
Head of department. Department of law
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow
This paper has been selected for LLJ Publications.
Abstract
In the agricultural sector, food security and rural development, especially in developing nations such as India, women farmers are very important in the production process. Although they make a huge contribution they are one of the most marginalized groups because of structural inequalities like their inability to own land, access credit and technology and their ingrained socio-cultural barriers. This paper will focus on the position, issues and empowerment of women farmers with a special reference to world efforts in 2026. It brings out major concerns such as economic dependence, unseen labour, gender inequality and ineffective enforcement of the law. The paper also examines how the United Nations has facilitated gender equality in agricultural processes, especially through the Sustainable Development Goals, especially SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality). There is a particular focus on the new priorities in 2026, such as climate-resilient agriculture, digital inclusion, and sustainable farming approaches. The paper also discusses the best practices like Self-Help Groups, cooperative farming and NGO-led programs that have helped to empower women farmers. Besides that, the paper recognizes the difficulties in the implementation of the policies and proposes a multi-dimensional solution that includes legal changes, financial inclusion, capacity building, and gender-sensitive policies. It concludes that women farmers need to be empowered not only as a means of attaining social justice but also as a means of achieving sustainable agricultural development and world food security.
Keywords: Women Farmers, Gender Equality, Sustainable Development, Food Security, Climate-Resilient Agriculture
Introduction
Agriculture has remained an important activity in terms of livelihoods, food security, and economic development in all parts of the world. In this industry, women farmers make up a large but largely unacknowledged labor force. The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that almost 43 percent of the world agricultural workforce comprises women who are very instrumental in crop production, livestock rearing, fisheries, and post-harvest work. Regardless of their significant contribution, women farmers are still disfavored by structural inequalities, low access rates to resources, and poor recognition especially in developing nations such as India. Agriculture has been the main source of the rural living in India which employs a huge percentage of the women population. Women are involved in nearly all the activities of agriculture like sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting and storage. The statistics of the National Sample Survey Office point to the fact that a considerable number of rural women are involved in the agricultural sector as either tillers or wage earners. Nevertheless, the main problem remains that the majority of women have no legal or social status of a farmer, which is informed by the lack of land and male dominance. They are rather grouped as unpaid labor in the family and this limits their access to institutional services like credit facilities, crop insurance, subsidies and training. The phenomenon of invisible labour is one of the most burning issues of female farmers. Agricultural work by women is often underestimated and not accounted by any formal economic accounting. They work in their homesteads to help secure food in the household and their efforts, though very important to the rural economies, are often seen as an extension of their domestic duties and not as productive work. This invisibility means that they are not part of the policy frameworks or decision-making process, hence continuing to create gender inequalities in the agricultural sector. In addition, women farmers are generally discriminated when it comes to wages, as they are paid less than men when they do the same jobs, which only increases economic inequality.
Besides invisibility, women farmers are faced with a variety of problems, which are interconnected and which inhibit their productivity and empowerment. These are restricted access to land rights, agricultural inputs, education, modern technologies and market opportunities. Women are not able to own or inherit land, or even to obtain loans or get involved in government programs, due to legal and institutional obstacles.[1] Moreover, climate change has a disproportional toll on women farmers because most women farmers do not have resources and adaptive capacity to react effectively to changing climatic conditions. Such issues highlight the need to urgently adopt a gender sensitive agricultural development perspective.[2] The question of female farmers is not only an economic issue but also a human rights and social justice issue. The presence of equal rights of women in the agricultural sector is a key to inclusive and sustainable development. The United Nations has been on the frontline to support gender equality and women empowerment in agriculture using different global frameworks and initiatives. Sustainable Development Goals and Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and Goal 5 (Gender Equality) highlight the necessity of making sure that women have the same access to productive resources, decision-making, and economic opportunities. The United Nations is also working harder to empower women farmers by ensuring that there are specific programs and initiatives to empower them in 2026. UN Women, the International Fund for Agricultural Development among other agencies are making efforts to reduce the gender gaps in agriculture by ensuring land rights, financial integration, capacity empowerment, and climate resilience to women farmers. The objectives of these initiatives are to make the women not only significant stakeholders but also players in the agricultural sector as they used to be marginal ones. Women farmers are not only empowered economically but also socially and politically. It mandates the provision of access to education, health services, technology, and leadership. Empowerment of women enables them to be more involved in agricultural production, household food security, and development of the community. Studies show that gender equality in agricultural labor might help avert world hunger, as well as contribute to food production in a great way. Consequently, to realize greater development objectives, it is necessary to invest in women farmers. Policymaking in the Indian context has come up with a number of policy measures to empower women farmers through self-help groups, microfinance projects, and gender-inclusive agricultural projects. Nevertheless, the implementation and outreach still have gaps that require greater institutional backing and policy changes. This is very important in bridging these gaps by harmonizing the national policies with international instruments like those promoted by the United Nations that provides inclusive agricultural development. Finally, women farmers constitute a very important but marginalized group of agricultural laborers. Their role in food security and rural development is essential and yet they still have to contend with many of the problems of recognition, rights, and access to resources. The priority of women farmers in the context of UN programs in 2026 reflects the increased importance of the issue all over the world. Nonetheless, to attain meaningful empowerment, long-term efforts are needed on the local, national, and international scales. Legal recognition, equal rights and access to opportunities of women farmers should not only be an issue of equity, but also strategic approach towards sustainable development and food security in the world.
Status of Women Farmers in India
Women farmers are a significant and irreplaceable segment of the agricultural labor force in India but the situation continues to be characterized by the paradoxes of high participation and low visibility. Farming is still a major occupation in rural India and women play a significant role in the agricultural and related work. The National Sample Survey Office, according to its estimates, shows that a substantial percentage of rural women workers are in the agricultural sector as cultivators and labourers. Also, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization statistics, a high proportion of agricultural labor force in developing nations and India is represented by women. This does not mean that their contributions are not undervalued and given insufficient recognition in policy and practice. Limited land ownership is one of the characteristics of the position of women farmers in India. Productive land is an important asset in agriculture, but a very small percentage of women have agricultural land in their names. Most of the time land titles belong to the male members of the family even though the women work hard on the land. This inability to own property limits access of women to institutional credit, insurance schemes and government subsidies, since such benefits are normally tied to land titles. Women are not included in the decision making process with regard to the farming practices, crop choice, and financial investment without legal ownership. The other important point is the high level of invisible and unpaid labour. Female rural Indians are involved in a broad variety of farming activities such as sowing, transplanting, weeding, harvesting, and post-harvest processing. Moreover, they also do household duties including cooking, childcare, and collecting water and fuel. Although they have a dual load, they do much agricultural labour which is termed as family labour and is not paid in monetary terms. This invisibility causes underestimation of their contribution to the economy and gender inequality in the agricultural sector.[3] Feminization of agriculture is a new phenomenon in India and it is mainly caused by the migration of men towards urban centers in search of better jobs. With the migration of men out of rural areas, the women are left with the task of farm and agricultural management. [4]Although such change is a pointer to the increased involvement of women in agriculture, it does not automatically mean they are empowered. The women tend to take more responsibility without the related access to resources, training, and power of decision-making, which means that they can be more vulnerable to workload. In India, women farmers also have low access to resources and technology. Women have less access to farm inputs that are modern like quality seeds, quality fertilizers, irrigation facilities, and mechanized tools compared to their male counterparts. The extension services and agricultural training services are usually developed with the consideration of male farmers and this leaves out women even more in gaining technical knowledge and skills. This access disparity impacts on productivity and restricts their capacity to implement innovative and sustainable farm practices. Another key challenge is financial inclusion. Women farmers have been faced with the challenge of accessing formal credit, which is not backed with collateral, financial illiteracy and social cultural aspects. Even though efforts have been made to access credit by some women through self-help groups (SHGs) and microfinance institutions, the total coverage is very low. This has seen most women turn to informal sources of credit which can be characterized with high interest rates and exploitative terms. The status of women farmers is also critical in the influence of social and cultural norms. The patriarchal tendencies tend to limit the movement, involvement of women in markets, and in decision making institutions at the community level. The efforts of women in the fields of agriculture are often seen as a continuation of their home duties, not as a work or economic endeavor. This attitude not only diminishes their positioning, but also restricts their leadership and empowerment. India has also seen the realization in government policies and programs to support women farmers. Several programs to enhance gender equality in agriculture like women-based training, capacity building efforts and financial inclusion efforts have been launched. Nevertheless, implementation, awareness, and outreach gaps still negatively affect their effectiveness. Enhancement of these programs and their availability to women farmers in marginalized and remote regions is a principal challenge. Over the past few years, the need to empower women farmers towards food security and the realization of sustainable development has gained increased appreciation.[5] The coordination of national initiatives with international systems advocated by the United Nations has also led to increased gender equality in agriculture. [6]The multi-dimensional approach that targets legal, economic, and socio-cultural obstacles is necessary though to implement meaningful change. To summarize, women farmers in India are abundant in their own contribution, but also face unresolved inequalities. Women have a key role in the continuation of agricultural production and rural livelihoods, but still have to struggle with issues concerning land ownership, its recognition, access to resources, and norms. To improve their condition and provide equitable and sustainable agricultural development in India, these problems should be addressed with the help of inclusive policies, legal changes, and the transformation of society.
Difficulties Women Farmers Face
The challenges affecting women farmers in India are diverse and inter-related and hinder their productivity, recognition, and empowerment. They are very complex and long-standing due to the fact that these challenges are entrenched in economic, social, legal, and technological structures.
Economic Challenges
Lack of ownership of land is among the biggest economic issues. In the agricultural sector, land is a major asset, but very few women own land under their names. Majority of the farmlands are registered in the names of the male members in the family, even when the women are working on the land. This ownership deprivation is limiting women to access institutional credit, crop insurance, and government subsidies since in most cases, these benefits are linked to land titles. [7]Closely related is the lack of access to formal credit. Women are also not able to offer collateral as required by financial institutions because they do not have many assets. Consequently, women farmers tend to rely on informal lenders like moneylenders that make them indebted and vulnerable. [8]Financial inclusion of women farmers is still wanting despite the efforts by organizations such as the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. Low wages and income disparity is another serious challenge. [9]Women agricultural workers are usually not compensated well as compared to men. Such inequality in wages is an expression of gender inequalities and undermines the economic autonomy of women. Also, a lot of the work done by women is not paid, particularly those that are classified as family labour, further lowering their economic status.
Social Challenges
Cultural practices and social norms have a great impact on the position of the women farmers. The issue of gender discrimination is rooted in rural communities, where men are considered to be major farmers and decision-makers. The role of women is not appreciated. The patriarchal norms also limit the mobility of women, their accessibility to markets, and their involvement in the decision making process. Women in most instances are not permitted to attend training programs, to meet with extension workers and to make financial transactions on their own. Such limitations prevent their exposure to new opportunities and innovations. Lack of education and awareness is another significant problem. Access to formal education is also a problem to many women farmers as it impacts their capacity to embrace modern agricultural practices, comprehend government schemes or access financial services. They are also not able to assert their rights due to illiteracy and ignorance.
Legal Challenges
There are a number of laws that have been enacted to safeguard the rights of women, but they are still not well implemented. Poor implementation of land rights laws are one of the major problems as they are used to guarantee women their right to inheritance and ownership. In reality, women are not often able to claim their rights under social pressures and administrative restrictions. Moreover, women farmers lack a lot of legal awareness. Most people do not know their rights in different laws and government plans. This ignorance coupled with low access to legal services means that benefits are underutilized. Women are also not able to access legal protections on the basis of institutional gaps and bureaucratic hurdles. Due to this, the provisions of law do not always translate into actual empowerment.
Technological Challenges
The presence of technology is essential to enhance productivity in the contemporary agricultural setting. But women farmers have low access to modern farm tools and equipment. Agricultural mechanization can be biased in that it is usually made to suit men thus less accessible to women. [10]The digital divide makes such challenges even worse. As more and more agricultural extension services, market information, and financial transactions are conducted through digital platforms, women with no access to mobile phones, internet, and digital literacy are left out. [11]Such a gap became more pronounced in recent years when digital solutions took the center stage in developing agriculture. The existence of this technological gap and how it affects the growth of organizations has been highlighted by organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization as a reason why this gap should be bridged.
Legal & Policy Framework
India has formulated various legal and policy interventions to help the women farmers but difficulties in implementing these measures and making them accessible.
Indian Laws on women and agriculture
Indirectly, women farmers are supported by several acts that focus on gender equality and property rights. Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 can be considered a historic law that gives daughters equal rights in ancestral property. The law plays a vital role in enhancing the access of women to land ownership which is the basis of agricultural empowerment. The other legal provisions are encouraging equality between males and females and safeguarding women against discrimination, yet there are no specific laws that would be used to specifically identify women as farmers.
Land Rights Laws
The empowerment of women farmers revolves around land rights. Laws in India offer the right to inheritance and ownership of property to women, but the application is poor because of social practices and administrative problems. This can be done by ensuring that joint land titles are obtained and that the process of land registration is simplified to make women more resourceful.
Government Programmes and plans
The government has also come up with a number of schemes in order to encourage women to engage in agriculture. Programs like Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have been critical in improving financial inclusion and community empowerment among women in the rural arena. The groups help women to acquire access to microcredit, entrepreneurial skills and better their economic conditions.[12] Women farmers are also supported by subsidy programs, training programs and agricultural extension services. Their effectiveness is however usually diminished by lack of awareness and accessibility.[13]
Panchayati Raj Institutions
The Panchayati Raj Institutions are important in enhancing the democracy at the grassroots level and the involvement of women in decision making. The women quota in local administration has made them more active in rural development and agricultural policies. The women representatives in Panchayats will be in a position to promote gender sensitive policies, improve the implementation of schemes and tackle local problems affecting women farmers. Nevertheless, there are still issues like proxy representation and absence of capacity-building that should be resolved.
Role of United Nations
The United Nations has been at the forefront in supporting gender equality and empowering women farmers across the world. Its programs aim at getting down to structural inequalities and inclusive agricultural development.
UN, Focus on Gender Equality
The development agenda of the United Nations has gender equality as one of its principles. [14]The organization acknowledges that women farmers should be empowered to ensure food security, alleviate poverty, and enhance sustainable development. The different UN organizations collaborate to incorporate gender consideration in agricultural policies and programs.[15]
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The Sustainable Development Goals give a detailed outline of the solutions to world-wide issues, such as gender inequality in agriculture.
SDG 2: Zero Hunger
The SDG 2 seeks to eliminate hunger, improve food security, and enhance sustainable agriculture. The role of women farmers in the realization of this objective cannot be overemphasized because they are the major contributors to food production. Assuring them of access to resources, technology and markets can go a long way in improving agricultural productivity.[16]
SDG 5: Gender Equality
SDG 5 aims at attaining gender equality and empowering women and girls. It focuses on equality of rights in terms of access to economic means such as land possession and financial services. This objective directly responds to the issues of women farmers and their involvement in the decision making.[17]
FAO and UN Women Initiatives.
Some organizations like the Food and Agriculture Organization and UN Women have initiated a number of programs in order to empower women farmers. These are capacity building programs, access to credit, climate resilience programs and technological empowerment. FAO is aimed at decreasing the gap of gender in agriculture by supporting with data, policy advice, and technical assistance. UN Women is aimed at empowering women leadership, economic empowerment and legal rights.
International Awareness of Women Farmers
Over the past few years, the world has become aware of the importance of women farmers in attaining sustainable development. United Nations has stressed the importance of addressing women as the farmers instead of informal workers. Their contributions have been brought into the limelight through campaigns, policy discussions, and international partnerships that have promoted gender-responsive policies in agriculture.[18] Within the framework of 2026, UN activities have remained focused on digital inclusion, climate resilience, and empowering women farmers financially. All that is done in these attempts is to turn the agricultural sector into a more inclusive and equitable place.[19]
Special Reference to UN 2026
The year 2026 is a significant milestone in international endeavour to achieve sustainable development, especially in attaining gender equality and agricultural transformation. The United Nations has remained at the forefront in formulating policies that combine women empowerment with food security and environmental sustainability. With the world moving towards the goals established by the Sustainable Development Goals, the focus of 2026 is on viable, inclusive, and scalable solutions. One of the priorities is climate-resilient agriculture. The impact of climate change on women farmers is disproportionately high because they have low access to adaptive resources. To increase resilience, agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization facilitate the use of drought resistant crops, sustainable irrigation and agro ecological practices. Women empowerment has been central in UN policies. The UN Women promotes equal rights to land and finances as well as leadership. There is an increasing demand to involve women in agricultural governance and decision making bodies in 2026. The other main focus is food security. Women farmers are playing an important role in household nutrition and local food systems. Empowering their access to inputs and markets is a direct contribution to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger). The digital inclusion of women farmers is gaining importance in 2026. Digital agriculture, mobile-based advisory services, and marketplace online are being promoted. [20]There is an attempt to close the gender digital divide by means of digital literacy and infrastructure development. Finally, sustainable agricultural methods including organic farming, resource management, and climate-sensitive agriculture are also being highlighted to maintain long-term productivity and the environmental equilibrium. In general, the 2026 approach of the UN indicates a comprehensive approach that unites gender equality, technological development, and sustainability.[21]
Best Practices and Case Studies
There are some successful models of empowering women farmers through collective efforts and institutional support. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have been transformative in India. With the help of the National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development, SHGs allow women to receive microfinance, open small businesses, and gain financial autonomy. One of the most striking examples is the case of Deccan Development Society (DDS) in Telangana, when women farmers (organized in sanghams (collectives)) were able to practice organic farming, maintain biodiversity and obtain food security. This model emphasizes the empowerment at the grassroots and sustainable agriculture. The other example that has been crucial is the Self Employed Women Association that has empowered thousands of women in the market by training and cooperative models as well as market linkages. The efforts of SEWA have enabled women to move to the formal labor market. There is also success in cooperative farming. As an example, a well-known example is the Kudumbashree Mission (Kerala) in which women partner with each other to lease land, farm, and earn revenue. This model shows that land ownership barriers could be overcome through institutional support and collective action. In Africa and Latin America, FAO-assisted projects have helped women farmers to embrace climate-resilient activities and enhance their productivity. These programs focus on training and resource availability and community involvement.
These case studies demonstrate that women can play an important role in improving sustainable agricultural development in case they are equipped with resources, training, and institutional support.
Implementation Difficulties
Implementation, notwithstanding progressive policies, is also a key issue. The policy gap between policy making and implementation has persistently constrained effectiveness. Although gender inclusive policies are in place, in most cases they fail to reach women farmers because of the inefficiency in the administration. Failure to coordinate different departments and agencies leads to duplication of efforts and delays.[22] Weak policy outcomes are associated with poor institutional collaboration. On the grassroots level, there are still problems of awareness and accessibility. There are a lot of women farmers who do not know about schemes or have mobility and social constraints that restrict access. Moreover, the problem of corruption and inefficiency is a barrier to efficient provision of benefits. Institutions lose trust through leakages, favoritism, and bureaucracy.[23]
Recommendations and Future
Women farmers should be empowered through a comprehensive approach; to begin with, women should have their land rights guaranteed. Laws need to be changed to encourage collective ownership of land and streamline the inheritance procedures.
Second, the inclusion of the financial sector should be extended by accessing credit, insurance, and banking services with greater ease.
Third, modern agriculture, entrepreneurship, and climate resilience should be of interest in terms of training and skill development.
Digital literacy should be encouraged in 2026. The women farmers are supposed to have access to mobile technology, internet, and digital market and financial access.
There should be strong policy implementation mechanisms, which are transparent and monitored. Local institutions should make sure that there is last-mile delivery like Panchayati Raj Institutions.
Lastly, gender sensitive agricultural policies should acknowledge women as farmers and should involve them in the decision making process.
Conclusion
Women farmers are the main drivers of agricultural output, food security and rural development, but they are also among the most marginalized in the industry. This paper sheds light on the serious limitations that they experience, such as inability to own land, inaccessibility to resources, and social-cultural disparities. The United Nations has played a major role in ensuring gender equality and sustainable agriculture using frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals. The prioritization of climate resilience, digital inclusion, and empowerment of women in 2026 is a forward-looking progressive map. Giving women farmers power is not only a social justice issue, but a necessity in the attainment of food security and sustainable development across the world. Going forward, there should be more cooperation between governments, international bodies and local institutions.[24] Women farmers can be the major drivers of inclusive growth and sustainable agricultural transformation with good policies, legal support, and grassroots implementation.
Moreover, it is imperative to note that empowering women farmers impacts on the society in a multiplier way. Women access to land, credit, education, and technology does not only increase agricultural productivity, but also promotes nutrition within households, education of children, and the well-being of the general community.[25] Research has always indicated that women have substantially more income that they reinvest in their families, thus contributing to the social and economic growth in the long run. In this regard, the role of the United Nations is even greater in promoting cooperation across the world and establishing inclusive developmental standards.[26] By remaining committed to sustainable development goals and in this case SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality) there is an increased understanding that eliminating the gender gap in agriculture can significantly alleviate hunger and poverty across the globe. Besides, the introduction of digital technologies and climate-sensitive farming in 2026 offers fresh prospects to women farmers to break the tradition. These opportunities should however be supplemented with specific policies that would guarantee accessibility, affordability, and inclusiveness. Technological progress cannot change the state of affairs without structural inequalities being addressed. The need to empower the institutional mechanisms, create legal awareness and proper implementation of policies at the grassroots level is also pressing. The local governance structures, civil societies, and community based institutions need to collaborate in order to provide an enabling environment within which women farmers can exercise their rights and be active in the decision making processes. To sum up, the recognition and empowerment of women farmers is one of the keys to the transformation of agriculture into a more affordable and sustainable sector. Gender-inclusive approach is not a choice but a necessity to attain long term development. Investing in women farmers today means that societies are guaranteed of a better resilient, inclusive, and food-secure future.
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[1] Food and Agriculture Organization, The State of Food and Agriculture 2020 (FAO, 2020).
[2] International Labour Organization, World Employment and Social Outlook (ILO, 2018).
[3] Food and Agriculture Organization, The State of Food and Agriculture 2011: Women in Agriculture – Closing the Gender Gap for Development (FAO, 2011).
[4] National Sample Survey Office, Employment and Unemployment Situation in India (NSSO Report).
[5] Food and Agriculture Organization, Gender and Agriculture Policy Brief (FAO).
[6] UN Women, Progress of the World’s Women Report (UN Women).
[7] Food and Agriculture Organization, Gender and Land Rights Database.
[8] International Labour Organization, Rural Women and the World of Work (ILO).
[9] National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Annual Report on Financial Inclusion.
[10] Food and Agriculture Organization, Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development.
[11] International Telecommunication Union, Measuring Digital Development: Gender Digital Divide Report.
[12] National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, SHG-Bank Linkage Programme Report.
[13] Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Annual Report on Agricultural Schemes.
[14] UN Women, Progress of the World’s Women Report.
[15] United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report.
[16] Food and Agriculture Organization, The State of Food and Agriculture Report.
[17] UN Women, Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Report.
[18] UN Women, Progress of the World’s Women Report.
[19] Food and Agriculture Organization, Gender and Agriculture Policy Brief.
[20] International Telecommunication Union, Digital Development and Gender Gap Report.
[21] United Nations, Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015).
[22] United Nations Development Programme, Public Administration and Institutional Capacity Report.
[23] Ministry of Rural Development, Rural Development Programme Reports.
[24] United Nations, Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015).
[25] Food and Agriculture Organization, Gender and Agriculture Policy Brief.
[26] World Bank, Women’s Economic Empowerment Report.